II. PRIMITIVE AND RUDIMENTARY Condition OF INDUSTRY. Another distinctive trait of this primitive group is, that a sort of intimate group existed in it amongst males, at least among these forming the same society, in such a fashion that they performed the greater part of their labors in common, and made a direct division of the fruits of these labors. All these occupations, so quite a few and diversified, which are carried on separately in society as it now exists, opening a field to so many professions or totally different careers, were then in a sure means mingled and confounded, in the sense that they were exercised in flip by the identical people, though in a very imperfect and rude method. To attain this object successfully, it is effectively understood that what we have to think about is industry because it exists, reminiscent of civilization has made it, that is to say, with all the organic parts developed in it by time. Considered from this broad and normal viewpoint, industry is, as we shall see in the article POLITICAL Economy the true object of the investigations of economic science, which studies its organization and explains its legal guidelines. If, for example, we go to the distant frontier of the United States, we shall discover here and there remoted farms, on which a small variety of males, belonging normally to the same family, stay collectively, and satisfy all their very own wants themselves without contact with the remainder of the human race.

We shall now see how, in consequence of the progress of exchange, all these components, mingled at first, became detached from each other, and what the brand new order was which was established. In order to search out its traces it isn’t completely vital to go back, as we have now performed beforehand, to the infancy of society, or to observe man in the savage state; we are able to find a kind of faithful picture of it, even to-day, wherever a small group of men stay separate from the remainder of society, or with out strange communication with it. That is the extra essential since it isn’t developed usually, within the sense that its group is equally advanced in every single place; it is, quite the opposite, very unequally developed in accordance with locality, and we discover right here and there, in places even far advanced in civilization, remnants of its primitive group. This image of primitive society is just not full, it is true, but it’s near sufficient to the sort which it represents. These patriarchs, it’s true, knew the use of cash, which exhibits that trade was practiced among them to a sure extent; nevertheless it is obvious that that they had recourse to exchange only at long intervals, in exceptional instances, and that in general they themselves equipped everything which was needed to fulfill their daily desires.

It is true, due to this fact, that on this small group, composed of so few men, all of the important features of the social order had been united. It is critical to point out, so far as is possible in a abstract analysis, how these phenomena are organized and connected, so as to point out the place which each certainly one of them occupies within the industrial order; that is one of the simplest ways of displaying, at the identical time, the extent of the sector which financial science should cowl. Still, as industry, thought-about with reference to the organization of the labors which it embraces, is an essentially progressive phenomenon, which though topic to certain invariable legal guidelines derived from the nature of man itself, is constructed up in a gradual and progressive manner; because it begins in a rude state and rises progressively to the miracles of organization, which we witness to day, just like the tree which, contained at first within the germ, develops solely with time, and throws out its branches successively, it seems to us helpful to consider it in its rudimentary and primitive state.

With this exception, they embody the type of primitive industry, within the sense that every one labors essential to their support are carried on by themselves, and all the features of social life are united and concentrated in the little group which they form. A truer image of this primitive constitution of industry could be discovered, maybe, in the lives of the patriarchs, as presented to us within the Scriptures. It was a small image of the world, because it exists in its current situation; with this sole difference that, on the earth of the tribe, all these features have been mingled, confounded, exercised by the identical brokers, whereas on the planet of to-day they are separated and intrusted to different brokers, with out ceasing on that account to be united and dependent on one another, as much as they might presumably be the primary day. But when we are freed from insisting on this point, we’ve got another task to fulfill, that of displaying at a rough estimate how industry is organized as a whole; to current a miniature picture of this organization, and indicate no less than its principal features. The distinction so ceaselessly established between the industrial arts and the professions known as liberal, seems false or empty, not less than when taken in an absolute sense.