The loss of such strategically important mineral wealth, combined with the desire to exercise firmer control over shipping routes, led Hannibal Mago, grandson of Hamilcar, to make preparations to reclaim Sicily. The Greeks won a decisive victory, inflicting heavy losses on the Carthaginians, including their leader Hamilcar, who was either killed during the battle or committed suicide in shame. Traditional accounts, including by Herodotus and Diodorus, number Hamilcar’s army at around 300,000; though likely exaggerated, it was likely of formidable strength. Carthage took control of all nearby Phoenician colonies, including Hadrumetum, Utica, Hippo Diarrhytus and Kerkouane; subjugated many neighboring Libyan tribes, and occupied coastal North Africa from Morocco to western Libya. The trades through Libya were territories and Carthage paid Libyans for access to this land in Cape Bon for agricultural purposes until about 550 BC. It established new colonies, repopulated and reinforced older ones, formed defensive pacts with other Phoenician city states, and acquired territories directly by conquest. Both sides had begun establishing colonies, trading posts, and commercial relations in the western Mediterranean roughly contemporaneously, between the ninth and eighth centuries. Whereas other Phoenician cities never exercised actual control of the colonies, the Carthaginians appointed magistrates to directly control their own (a policy that would lead to a number of Iberian towns siding with the Romans during the Punic Wars).

Carthage’s empire was largely informal and multifaceted, consisting of varying levels of control exercised in equally variable ways. For similar reasons, its ambitions were more commercial than imperial, which is why its empire took the form of a hegemony based on treaties and political arrangements more than conquest. In many other instances, Carthage’s hegemony was established through treaties, alliances, tributary obligations, and other such arrangements. Carthage’s economic successes, buoyed by its vast maritime trade network, led to the development of a powerful navy to protect and secure vital shipping lanes. Carthage emphasized maritime trade over territorial expansion, and accordingly focused its settlements and influence on coastal areas while investing more on its navy. For centuries, the Phoenician and Greek city-states had embarked on maritime trade and colonization across the Mediterranean. Carthage did not focus on growing and conquering land, instead, it was found that Carthage was focused on growing trade and protecting trade routes. Carthage’s growing wealth and power, along with the foreign subjugation of the Phoenician homeland, led to its supplanting of Sidon as the supreme Phoenician city state. Carthage focused on growing their population by taking in Phoenicians colonies and soon began controlling Libyan, African, and Roman colonies.

While some Phoenician colonies willingly submitted to Carthage, paying tribute and giving up their foreign policy, others in Iberia and Sardinia resisted Carthaginian efforts. As a result, the Carthaginian nobility sued for peace. But the primary enemy, Syracuse, remained untouched and in 405 BC, Hannibal Mago led a second Carthaginian expedition to claim the rest of the island. Its hegemony brought it into increasing conflict with the Greeks of Syracuse, who also sought control of the central Mediterranean. In 480 BC, Gelo, the tyrant of Syracuse, attempted to unite the island under his rule with the backing of other Greek city-states. Founded in the mid seventh century BC, Syracuse had risen to become one of the wealthiest and most powerful Greek city states, and the preeminent Greek polity in the region. Libyans, Iberians, Sardinians, and Corsicans were soon enlisted for the Magonid expansionist campaigns across the region. Threatened by the potential power of a united Sicily, Carthage intervened militarily, led by King Hamilcar of the Magonid dynasty. By the beginning of the fourth century BC, the Carthaginians had become the “superior power” of the western Mediterranean, and would remain so for roughly the next three centuries. According to the Shahnameh or “Book of Kings,” one of Zarathushtra’s first teachings was about the transformative power of fire.

In one hand it will enable measuring the difference of target concentrations (Virus/Bacterial DNA, for example) quantitatively, as when the target is more concentrated in the sample, the kinetics/speed of the reaction will be faster. 3. The message will be retained in the Short Buffer until its eviction (either after the elapse of its eviction interval, or upon the receipt of an immediate copy of the message directly from its originator. Bring collapsible strollers.A lot of kids do not endure the hours of walking around.Collapsible strollers are very useful when your kids need to rest but you still need to go around.This will not also take up much space in your luggage as compared to the regular and bulky stroller. It had conquered much of modern-day Tunisia and founded new colonies across northern Africa. The Carthaginians would never again expand their territory or sphere of influence on the island to any meaningful degree, instead turning their attention to securing or increasing their hold in North Africa and Iberia. In 509 BC, Carthage and Rome signed the first of several treaties demarcating their respective influence and commercial activities. The treaty also conveys the extent to which Carthage was, at the very least, on equal terms with Rome, whose influence was limited to parts of central and southern Italy.